I don't know about your zone, but in our area Dogwoods, & spicebush grow fast & I have some in similar areas. Some arborvitaes can take standing water for a short time.
I'd visit a local quality nursery & ask for advise.

thornless hawthorn tree

I have an old fashion kerria. They dont seem very fussy about the soil and my area has a high water table. They often have wet roots. They bloom off and on all summer with a yellow flower and will get as big as you allow them to. Also a rose of sharon will make a good barrier. My neighbor has them to block her patio. You cant even see them when they are sitting at the picnic table. I believe They are hardy zone 5-9 and Kerria is 4-9

Here is a link that might be useful: kerria

You might take a look at Joe Pye Weed for summer privacy. Some cultivers get 10' tall.

I was going to suggest Joe Pye Weed (eupatorium maculatum) also.

Great minds think alike.

Here is a link that might be useful: joepyeweed