All of the above :-) Slow and somewhat difficult to establish, it needs shady, organically rich, acidic soils and a cool, moist location. Will not thrive where soil temperatures exceed 65F. Where carefully and happily located, it will slowly form colonies but it can in no way be considered an aggressive or rapidly spreading groundcover.

Even in a pretty much ideal climate, I can only obtain very limited quantities of this plant - it is not a fast turning crop so few vendors bother or take the time to offer it. It can also suffer from some rather common dogwood ailments including fungal leaf spot.