stiped leaf bamboo is ok to be cared for the same way as the lucky bamboo...
I have the striped leaf variety as well. I care for it the same way as the others.

...and what kind of bamboo it is.
http://www.riverviewflora.com/products/pots.htm
You can see a few different varieties at the link. You may have to search a few places to find the closest variety.

Also, there's one stalk of bamboo without any new growth that is a bit on the yellow side and has some funky stuff on the stalk near the roots. Is it sick? Can I help it grow better? Can I help it create new growth as the others have?
If the funky stuff looks like mold or some sort of white fungal infection, I would remove that stalk from the pot and discard it.

I have a bunch of links to pictures of my bamboo which should also lead to the other pictures on my photobucket. Any suggestions and advice are very much appreciated. Thank you!

Could those orange spots be the beginning of roots? Some plants have very orange roots.
http://www.espritdeisle.com/images/Lucky-Bamboo-Bare-Root.jpg