My friend's mother gave me a bulb from her moonflower plant. She said it was jimsonweed, but she wasn't completely sure. I really liked the plant and want to grow one, but I have a few questions.

I don't think this is a bulb, but probably a seed pod from Datura, which is also called jimson weed.

Anything with "weed" in its' name is usually pretty easy to grow but these things seem to want to plant themselves. The common problem with trying to grow a weed is coddling - anything from "really good dirt" to overwatering can result in failure. The pod in your picture doesn't look ripe to me, but many "weeds" seeds can sprout from seemingly unripe seeds. I'm not sure if the seeds in your pod are ripe enough to sprout.

Would your friend's Mom let another pod get more ripe for you? When it turns brown and starts to crack open, it is truly ripe.