| Pollination: chasmogamous flowers by various invertebrates such as bee-flies, hover-flies, bees, lepidoptera; cleistogamous flowers by themselves. Reproduction: pollination giving rise to seed, though some species will multiply (not the same as reproduce) through adventitious shoots from roots or rhizomes, or from broken pieces of root or rhizome rooting/establishing themselves, or from rooting stolons. Man aids multiplication by various means such as cuttings and meristem culture. Apomixis has been mentioned in the literature, but I am not sure I agree. Perennation: some species are annual, some perennial, though there are all grades since some perennials are short-lived, down to even being effectively biennial. Answers could vary somewhat depending on what you mean by 'viola', the main choices being a species of the genus Viola or a bedding viola. |
