Clematis - viticellas mainly.

http://www.clematis.com.pl/wms/wmsg.php/321.html&plant_number=279

Be warned... once you start with one or two clematis, you quickly start coveting more.

If you intend to tear it down each year, why not grow something edible & attractive? Purple pole beans or yardlong beans will cover a small trellis, and the beans are interesting as well as edible.
Yardlong beans
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Bitter melon will also densely cover a trellis, and if you don't eat the small fruits (which really are bitter) you can most likely give them to any Asian that you might know, or sell them to an Asian restaurant.
Bitter melon
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Hummingbirds have a great attraction for red morning glories, or if you'd like something edible, scarlet runner beans will attract hummingbirds, and you can eat the green beans. Both of these plants will quickly cover a trellis in a season.

Gotta go along with the scarlett runner bean; I grow them every year. The flowers are really pretty, and the beans are yummy! Morning glories are nice, too--but not as full. Hyacinth beans are also a good option...

Climbing nasturtiums grow about 8-10 feet in a year, are edible, look great and attract hummingbirds. "Jewel of Africa" is even variegated. Its my choice for an annual vine. For some reason last year was particularly good as the plants grew about 12 feet. Several seed catalogs carry them.

tj

Here is a link that might be useful: Jewel of Africa